What Can a Browser Extension See? We Read the Manifests
The permission dialogue tells you exactly what an extension may do, in a vocabulary that means little until you have see...
Guides & How-tos · Worked examples · Real numbers
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What Does a QR Code Actually Store? You Cannot Tell by Looking
Two codes pointing at two different sites differ in 35.6 per cent of their squares — and no human can tell, because nobo...
Is This Email Really From Them? The Check You Cannot See
The sender name is free text and the address can be forged. The real check happens in DNS before the message reaches you...
What Does Incognito Mode Actually Do? Less Than the Name Suggests
A private window destroys a storage container when you close it — five things go with it, all of them data your own devi...
What Does the Padlock Actually Prove? We Read Six Real Certificates
It certifies that the connection is encrypted and that the name in the address bar matches the certificate. It says noth...
What Is My IP Address, and What Does It Actually Reveal?
It identifies a connection, not a person. It gives away your country reliably, your network operator exactly, and — the...
How to Redact a PDF So the Text Is Actually Gone
A black rectangle removes nothing, and the check most people run afterwards returns nothing on a file that is leaking ba...
Why "Random" Is Almost Never Random — and What a Fairness Test Cannot See
We fed the same rejection-sampling helper a cryptographic source and a 1960s textbook generator, 600,000 draws each. The...
Account Security You Can Finish in an Afternoon
Four jobs, ordered by how much loss each one prevents, with the arguments settled by the standard rather than by folklor...
Where Does My Data Actually Go?
"Do you use my data?" is two questions wearing one coat. Training asks whether your text enters a future model and is us...
Cybersecurity for a Small ASEAN Business
Until this week our own password checker rated Summer2026 as Fair. It is not fair — it is one of the first few hundred g...
Decoding a JWT Is Not Verifying It
A decoder shows you the claims; it does not tell you whether to believe them. RFC 7519 §7.2 lists ten validation steps a...
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